Sarojini Naidu as Poet

                                      

Name:Jani Hetal umiyashankar

Roll no:12

Class:M.A.part-1

Semester:1

Submitted to:Department of English

M.K. Bhavnagar University

Assignment Topic:

Sarojini Naidu as a poet

Introduction

                                      There were many poets in Indian writing in English like Rabindranath Tagore Shri Aurobindo Toru Dutt and Sarojini Naidu among them sarojini Naidu is one of the best poet in Indian writing in English. She was most gifted child of mother India. She sharing her pain her agony and hopes with us by her poetry. An English poet sarojini Naidu first gain the attention of public in her time but it was just a beginning. Let’s see her life and work in detail.

Sarojini Naidu - her life

                             She had started writing at the age of 13 and composed than 2000 lines. Sarojini chattopadhyay a Bengali girl was dreamer who falls in love with Dr Naidu. She had violent passions for him. Even though her parent shifted to England. She did what she wanted. She married in 1898 after returning from England. She was a path-maker. Her word is highlight of the period. She enriched the literature which not only the easterners appreciated but also the westerners.

          Indeed her whole life had been a battle and a struggle she had to fight without remission the battle of her health losing and winning and losing again and she had to struggle long against the bludgeoning of arcumstance neither winning nor crying aloud. Happiness and sadness life and death victory and defeat this all feature he face in her life in her soul. Though she remain happy all time and full off laughter but we not see whats goigng on her heart in her life sarojini almost had been as tragically and full of pain and ecstacy as the wife and mother Mr. Arthur Symons told about her when she was seventeen years old: “all the life of the tiny figure”

                                     “Seemed to concentrate itself in the eyes: they turned towards the sun….her body was never without suffering, or her head never without conflict: but neither the body’s weakness nor the hearts violence would disturb that fixed contemplation”                                                                                                                                      Sarojini was the eldest daughter of a scientist, dreamer and a mystic jester father and half angel and half bird mother was born on 13 February 1879 at colorful Hyderabad in most cheel and beautiful atmosphere. She was very beautiful and precious girl. At twelve she had passed matriculation. Her parents not allow to marry with Dr Naidu because Sarojini’s parents were Bengali cattopadhyayas and Dr.Naidu was an Andhra and a Naidu. And another reason is Sarojini was too young to marry. So they shipped her to England thinking that she was forget him but this not happen. After returning she marry with him.

                                          The vision of love makes her so conscious and by it she become a great poet of India. The vision of faith the vision of mother, The vision of patriotism , The vision of India the mother made him so conscious. The mastery of phrase and rhythm Without them she would not translated her visions and experiences into melodious poetry. Her friend Mr. Gosse reading her first poetical effusions told about her that she might be a poet of she has a true poet’s sensibility and also said that by using Indian theme she wrote many poems ‘’some sincere penetrating analysis of native passion of such mysterious intimations as stirred the soul of the fast long before the west had begun to dream that it had a soul”

Her  work

                   She wrote many lyrics , odes and some other work. In 1905 ‘The Golden Threshold’ came out as her first collection of poems. swift thoughts , strong emotions spring into lyrics. She was called The Nightingale of India. ‘The Bird of Time’ was published in 1912. It is graver , songs of life and death are found. There are love songs as well. ‘The Broken wing’ was final collection which brought out in 1917. She wrote memories of her father and the leader Gokhale.

                   ‘The Flute-Player of Brindavan’ is a jewel of lyric. ‘To Buddha seated on a lotus’ ,’ The Temple: A pilgrimage of Love’ is a trilogy of lyric sequence , Each of eight poems. There are a few remarkable poems addressed to a man by a women and she wrote it with a great passion. After ‘The broken wing’ she ceased to be a poetess. She left poetry writing and jumped into politics. The woman , the mother , the patriot remained , but the poet was no more than a memory. There are mixed reviews about her poetic achievement. She wrote in traditional way but music is her great quality. She have feeling of place, occasional atmosphere. She has rhythmic variety and melodic richness. Love for her mother land Hyderabad and country add color in her poetic style. Her songs are lyrical so sense and sound are combined to produce emotion her images are very beautiful and sophisticated there are some dialogue type poems like monologues or self-talking communal songs are also found in her work.

        One critic say’s about her: “ Although her work is unpopular with modernist poets and critics , she remains the most studied of Indian poet in English after Aurobindo continuing to charm generations of readers”.

        ‘The Golden Threshold’ Sarojini Naidu’s first collection of poems which come out in 1905. Many people say’s that “ this little volume should silent forever the scoffer who declares that women cannot write poetry.” Her poetry seems to sing itself as if swift thought and strong emotions sprang into lyrics of themselves. Her poetic skill is very good and she expressed her emotion and pain very beautifully into poem. This was amazing creation of her.

                                      About her poetic skill Glasgow Herald said:”The pictures are of the East it is true : but there is something fundamentally human in them that seems to prove that the best song knows nothing of East or West” , J.B.Yeat’s portrait of her made her a figure of pure romance. In 1906 at the Calcutta session of the Indian social conference she adroitly up the suppression of women right in India with the loss of the Country’s freedom.

                                      She was very near to Gokhale. She wrote him more letters and poem to addressed him. After reading her poems Gokhale said : “Your speech was more than an intellectual treat of the highest order. It was a perfect piece of art. We all felt for the moment to be lifted to a higher plane.” And another thing he said: “You begin with a ripple and end in eternity.” Sarojini Naidu was imperiously alive. And so Mr John Galsworth called her “ A sigil of Honour.”

                             “Why did you turn your face away?

                                      Was it for love or hate?....

                             Still for love’s sake I am foredoomed to bear

                                      A load of passionate silence and despair.”

                   Sarojini Naidu’s second volume of poems ‘ The Bird of Time ’  printed on 1912. After read this Edmund Gosse remarked that in it “ A Graver Music.“  In this part of poems include “ Songs of Life and Death.” Life is often brightly painted but death ‘s shadows creep or linger. In this volume, there are many love songs, dirges and elegies. In these two songs love and death and death and life: is very beautifully addressed to death and life. For Example,

                              “ Life is  prism of my light

                              And death the shadow of my face. “

Sarojini Naidu’s final collection of poems ‘The Broken Wing’  came out in 1917. This collection is a memory of her father and Gokhale. ‘The  Flute player of a Brindaban’ and ‘To a Buddha seated on a lotus’. Many westerns critics and artists find face of Jesus in this poem. But, Indian poets and artists made face of Krishna in their imagination. Sarojini drew picture of Lord Krishna in her poem. Hence she wrote many poems taking him as a central figure. She drew the picture of all the deities in her poems through her powerful imagination.

Gokhle was very near to Sarojini Naidu. Sarojini wrote many letters to him. And after read her poem Gokhle remarked and said to her :

                                      “It was no doubt a brave and beautiful speech but you sometime s use harsh and bold prases.”  

                             Sarojini Naidu wrote many poems. There are many feature. They are : beauty and boldness , bite of anger and the heat of passion. Her poems are immediately intelligible. Sarojini love her native Hyderabad very much. She not afraid to make music out of her fascination for bazaars in the city and the bustling tradesmen and the variegated merchandise.

                                                                                                                                                Four volumes published of her work. There are 200 songs and lyrics ‘Cradle song’ and ‘child fancies’. She wrote many poems in her poems there are children’s poems , poems on love and death , nature poems , patriotic poems and even poems of mystical transcendence. Sarojini Naidu essayed all her work with her unfailing verbal facility and rhythmical dexterity she generally succeed as well. ‘The Sanctuary’ attempts a kind of resurrection after the death described. In the second section she wrote upon death. She says that “If you were dead, her death would seal their difference and she should therefore welcome her death. She wrote poem about women’s condition in the society. She wrote in her one poem that :

                                      “ Who cares if a women’s heart be broken?

                                      O let my love alone…..

                                      O let my Death alone…..

                                      Welcome o fiery pain! “

                             In ‘ My Woman’s intelligence ‘  she once remarked “ cannot grapple with the transcendent details of politics.”  It was not even because of her entry into politics for she had in it for over ten years without damaging her poetic inspiration. Sarojini Naidu writes upon politics also. She stucks the right ‘ patriotic ‘ note again and again love of one’s country was an emotion as much as the love of man or nature and some of her poem’s for an example her invocations to the national leaders and her lyrics ‘ Awake ‘ , ‘ An Anthem of love ‘ and ‘ To India ‘ are patriotic without the faintest trace of jingoism. ‘ Awake ‘ is addressed to M.A.Jinnah. In her poem love for nation woven very well.

                             About her poetic skill Shri Aurobindo writes or said in 1935. Aurobindo became very happy to read her poems. Her skill of writing very beautiful. Shri Aurobindo said :

                                      “ Her work has a real beauty “

                                      “ Some of her lyrical work is

                                        Likely I think to    survive

                                       Among the lasting things

                                      In English literature and

                                      By these even if they are

                                      Fine rather than great.

                                      She may take her rank

                                      Among the immortals. “

Her Death

                             In 1949 she fell ill. And when her physician came and gave her sleeping pill. She smiled and said : ‘ Not eternal sleep , I hope “ But at night her sleep becoming a journey towards god. Such many people said that.

                                      “ Nightingale of heaven

and God “

Conclusion

                             Thus Sarojini Naidu known as “Nightingale of India “ She wrote many poems upon nature , Like and death , love poems and men and women relationship. Her poems flows light on patriotism.

         

Hamlet - A Tragic Hero

            Name:Jani Hetal umiyashankar

Roll no:12

Class:M.A.part-1

Semester:1

Submitted to:Department of English

M.K. Bhavnagar University

Assignment Topic:

     

Hamlet – A tragic Hero

Introduction :

                        ‘Hamlet’ a play which was written by William Shakespeare. We not know about birth of Shakespeare by year but we all know about his great contribution in English writing or Literature. ‘Hamlet’ is one of best example of his writing skill. ‘Hamlet’ is a tragedy. ‘Hamlet’ the play is type of melodrama. But if it melodrama it is also work of art. ‘Hamlet’ is revenge tragedy. Full name of this play is “The tragedy of Hamlet-Prince of Denmark.” In this title Shakespeare shown that it is a story of Hamlet , the prince of Denmark. Now let see how Hamlet suffers from tragedy. Let see the full character of Hamlet as tragic hero of this tragedy.

Hamlet – The Prince :

                  Prince of Denmark is part of this play. The part cannot be greater than the whole. Hamlet is major character and the protagonist. Hamlet is son of Queen Gertrude and the late king Hamlet. Hamlet is depressed , harsh , pessimistic and full of hatred towards his uncle. Hamlet indecisive and hesitant but at other times prone to rush and impulsive acts.

                  Hamlet has fascinated audiences and readers for centuries, and the first thing to point out about him is that he is enigmatic. There is always more to him than the other characters in the play drag eyes of people. Even the most careful and clever readers come away with the sense that they don’t know everything there is to know about this character. Hamlet is a tragic hero of this play. It’s revenge tragedy. Hamlet tells other character of important of his character. From other character we not aspect more things. Hamlet’s fascination involves us more than other character. When he speaks, he sounds as if there’s something important he’s not saying, may be something even he is not aware of.  

                  The idea of a tragic hero was first spoken by Aristotle in his concepts of tragedies. The concept of tragic hero have a fatal flaw was developed by Aristotle. Aristotle thought that every tragic hero had some kind of a mortal weakness that brought about a bad or mortal ending to the tragic hero. The idea of the tragic flaw is that the tragic hero has a downfall that comes from his own very nature. In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, Shakespeare use him as a tragic hero. when Shakespeare creates the character of Hamlet Aristotle’s idea of tragic flaw and tragic hero. In Shakespeare’s tragic play, “Hamlet,” there is the central idea that Hamlet is unable to revenge his father’s death. In this play Hamlet’s tragic downfall is his indecisiveness which ultimately leads to his death. There are many reasons that caused Hamlet’s indecisive or delayed actions. These aspects include Hamlet putting too much thought and analysis into his plans, his melancholy, his Oedipus complex, his doubt about the honesty of the ghost, and Hamlet’s doubts about his own ambitious motives.

            In this play Hamlet talking with his friends Rosencrantz and Gulldstern that :

                              “ There is nothing

                               either good or bad

                                but thinking makes it so.” 

                        It is also important to note that Hamlet is extremely melancholy and discontented with the state of affairs in Denmark and in his own family in the world at large. He is extremely disappointed with his mother for marrying his uncle so quickly, and he repudiates Ophelia, a woman he once love a lot. His words often indicate his disgust with and distrust of women in general. At a number of points in the play, he contemplates his own death and even the option of suicide. , Hamlet is extremely philosophical and contemplative. He is particularly drawn to difficult questions or questions that cannot be answered with any certainty. Faced with evidence that his uncle murdered his father, Hamlet becomes obsessed with proving his uncle’s guilt before trying to act.

                              Horatio is very near to Hamlet. Hamlet often talk with him. Once when he know his uncle killed his father he told Horatio that :

                  “There are more things in

                   Heaven and earth Horatio ,

                  Than are dreamt of in your

                                    Philosophy.”

                        Whenever he wane to do something he thinking a lot. There are many soliloquy in this play.  He often questions about the afterlife, about the wisdom of suicide, about what happens to bodies after they die—the list is extensive. But even though he is thoughtful to the point of obsession, Hamlet also behaves rashly and impulsively. When he does act, it is with surprising swiftness and little or no premeditation, as when he stabs Polonius through a curtain without even checking to see who he is. He seems to step very easily into the role of a madman, behaving erratically and upsetting the other characters with his wild speech and pointed innuendos.

                  The question arise in our mind that Is Hamlet a tragic hero? In many senses, Hamlet is the typical tragic hero. Not only does he begin with the noblest motivations to punish his father’s murderer but by the end, his situation is do dire that the only plausible final act should be his death. Like the classical tragic hero, Hamlet does not survive to see the full outcome of his actions and more importantly, this is because he possesses a tragic flaw.

                  There are many tragic flaw joined with his character  Like the classical tragic hero, Hamlet does not survive to see the full outcome of his actions and more importantly, this is because he possesses a tragic flaw. While there are a number of flaws inherent to his character, it is Hamlet’s  intense identification with and understanding of the power of words and language that ultimately bring about his requisite tragic ending. Hamlet’s deep connection with language and words causes him to base his perceptions of reality on his interpretation and understanding of words and he allows himself to become overwrought with creating meaning.

                  Hamlet fit into some quality of tragic hero in literature. Hamlet fits several into several of the defining traits of a tragic hero in literature, particularly in terms of how he possesses a tragic flaw. The fact that Hamlet’s best trait is also his downfall (his tragic flaw, in other words) makes him a prime candidate for a tragic hero and in fact, makes him one of the most tragic figures in the works of Shakespeare in general. More specifically, what makes Hamlet even more of a tragic hero is that his actions and tragic flaw is not his fault. He is an introspective character and in a normal situation, this might not be a problem. However, being part of the royal family makes him prone to negative and stressful situations and thus his engagement with words to level in which he is almost crippled is absolutely tragic, even if it is not because of anything he had overtly done. His tragic condition is very difficult to see and think. He hate women. His relationship with his mother he speak to her very harshly hamlet is tragic hero of this play in this play he success to played his role as well. Shakes pear drawn his picture very well. He emerges as tragic hero in English literature.

   

Concusion :

In short it is Hamlet and his flaws that result in much of the action. Moreover, much of the play has a very isolated feeling to it, the isolation of Hamlet’s madness, the fact that he alone has the burden of removing Claudius and the very prominent dwelling on how Hamlet perceives his reality. It is obviously a tragedy that looks inwards. Therefore it would not be difficult to suggest that it was the actions of Hamlet that precipitated his tragedy.

Preface to the Lyrical Ballads : William Wordsworth

Name:Jani Hetal umiyashankar

Roll no:12

Class:M.A.part-1

Semester:1

Submitted to:Department of English

M.K. Bhavnagar University

Assignment Topic:

                             

Preface – Wordsworth

View on the theme and subject matter of poetry

Introduction :         

Born : April 7, 1770

Died : April 23, 1850

Nationality : English

Education : St john’s college ,Cambridge

Full Name : William Wordsworth

Occupation : Poet

Books : The prelude , lyrical ballads

                        Wordsworth born in his beloved lake district. He was son of an attorney. He studied at St. John’s college , Cambridge. He wrote many poems in his life style in English language. Like lyrical ballads is his most famous work. Today Wordsworth poetry remains very popular. William Wordsworth is popular poet. Many people read his work.

What is a poet?

                  Wordsworth asked a question “ what is poet? ” he not asked us “ Who is a poet? “. Then answered his question he said : “ He is a man speaking to men ; it is true , endowed with more lively sensibility , more enthusiasm and tenderness.“ Wordsworth told that poet has knowledge of nature and more comprehensive soul , and to be common among mankind. Of Wordsworths point of view this qualities must required in poet. Like his own passions and volitions spirit of life. William Wordsworth makes quotes upon poet he went to say that

                           “ Fill your paper with the

                           Breathing of your heart.“

              Wordsworth says that poet have delighting to contemplate similar volitions and passions as manifested in the goings on of the universe and habitually compelled to create them where he does not find them. To these qualities he has added a disposition to be affected more than other man by absent things as if they were present. Then from practice , he has acquired a greater readiness and power in expressing what he thinks and feels and especially those thoughts and feelings which by his own choice or from the structure of his own mind arise in him without immediate external excitement.

Definition of poetry :

                     “ Poetry is the spontaneous

                      Overflow of powerful feeling : 

                      It takes its origin from emotion

                      Recollected in tranquility. “

                     William Wordsworth says that poetry is flow of emotion , feelings. He says that poems , which any value can be attached were never produced on any variety of subjects but by a man who being possessed of more than usual , organic sensibility , had also thought long and deeply. Our feelings modified and directed by our thoughts. Thoughts are representatives our past feelings. By solving the relation of this representative feeling we can know what is important for men. By repetition this things our feeling connected with subjects. If we have sensibility , habits of mind will be produced. By following this habit we describe objects. Understanding of the reader must necessarily be in some degree enlightened and his affections strengthened and purified. In short we can say that poetry is an imagination of poet’s thoughts and habits.

The Functions of Poetry:

                     Poetry according to Wordsworth is “ The breath and finer spirit of all knowledge the impassioned expression that is in the countenance of all science.”

Poetry gives us happiness and delight from reading them. The poet is a teacher and through the poetry he impacts moral lessons for the betterment of human life.

                     Poetry is the instrument for the propagation of moral thoughts. Wordsworth’s poetry does not simply delight us but it also teaches us deep moral lessons and brings home to us deep philosophical truths about life and religion. Wordsworth believes that poetry of revolt against moral idea is poetry of indifference towards moral ideas is a poetry of indifference towards life. Poetry is an imagination of poet. Poet looks different in same things. We not easily understand some poems and other we like it’s written for us. Poetry gives us delight , sorrow and feelings of poets. When we read poem we realize poet’s happiness and also sadness too.

Style of poetry :

                           “ Words give us eyes

                            To see words “

                     Language is important aspects to write poetry , though language has no sufficient power to carry its own value. Such from which the best part of language is originally derived. By language poets convey their feelings and notions in simple and unelaborated expressions. Accordingly such a language , arising out of the repeated experience and regular feelings is a more permanent and a far more philosophical language. Thus , Wordsworth’s views on poetical style are the most revolutionary of all the idea in his preface. He insists that his poems are written in a state of vivid sensation.

Subject matter of poetry :

                           In poems it was important to choose incidents and situations from common life , and to relate and describe them by a selection of language really used by men and at the same time to throw over them a certain coloring of imagination. In poem ordinary things presented in an usual aspects. To make these situation and incidents interesting by tracing in them truly though not ostentatiously. In poetry everything merge into oneness like emotions , thoughts , human , culture , feelings etc.

“ Imagination which in truth

Is but another name for

Absolute power and clearest

Insight amplitude of mind

And reason in her most

Exalted mood.”

                           Humble and rustic life was generally chosen because in that condition the essential passions of the heart find a better soil in which they can attain their maturity are less under restraint and speaker plainer and more emphatic language because in that condition of life our elementary feelings in a state of greater simplicity and consequently may be more accurately contemplated. Because the manners of rural life germinate from these elementary feelings and from the necessary character of rural occupations are easily comprehended because in that condition the passion of men are incorporated with the beautiful and permanent forms of nature.

                     Imagination of thoughts are necessary for write poetry. Poetry is thoughts and feelings of poet. Two different things make in one means two things are different but poet makes those things in one. Poet’s imagination comes from common life of men. They woven these things in their poetry from nature , politics and our life’s incidents and feelings they make poetry. Poetry is not easy to write and also to understand. We not easily understand poetry. Thus subject matter of poetry is incident of common life of men.

Theory of Poetic Diction :

                     Highly influenced by Rousseau and French revolution Wordsworth came forward in 1798 with a new theory of men , a new theory of nature and poetry. Second addition of Lyrical Ballads published in1802. He explained his theory of poetic Diction. He thinks that a new language is required to write a new age of poetry. He says that sophisticated language is not understand or hardly realize by common men. His effort for renovating the language of poetry was guided by the feeling that all convention of literalism must be discarded in order to involve the true poetic style , which should not only be simple and unaffected but also possess the power and truth of feeling.

                     In second addition of lyrical ballads Wordsworth and Coleridge state in the ‘ Advertisement ‘ , “the poem in the collection were intended as a deliberate experiment in style and subject matter.“ Wordsworth gives this idea in the ‘Preface’ in this his main ideas of a new theory of poetry reflected by him.

Wordsworth explained his poetical concept :

                     “ The majority of the following poems are to be considered as experiments. They were written chiefly with a view to ascertain how far the language of conversation in the middle and lower classes of society is adapted to the purpose of poetic pleasure. “

                     Wordsworth rejects the classical and high language and composed his poetry diction with democratic themes. These themes are : the lives of ordinary men and women , farmers , paupers and the rural poor. In ‘ Preface’ Wordsworth gives his commitment to writing in the ordinary language of people , not a highly crafted poetical language. He says that poetry means poems must depict realistic characters in realistic situations and so contain a strong narrative element. He says that poems language not deal with high quality but it be simple , so the common man can understand that what poet wants to say them. Wordsworth also give comments on poetic Diction that its deals with real character in real situations.

                     Wordsworth gives principle object to write Poetic Diction. He says that Poetic Diction must write about life of common men , nature and by language poet create miracle and this miracle control reader. Poetic Diction is a selected poems that written by poet. Wordsworth gives theory of poetry. He says to poet to write poem in simple language.

Principle of Poetic Diction :

                     Wordsworth gives new theory of poetic diction. When we read it he gives principle of poetic diction. As we examine Wordsworth statement regarding poetic diction , the following three points come to our attention.

1.   The language of poetry should be the language ‘Really used by men’ but it also be a ‘ Selection of such language. All the words used by the people cannot be employed in poetry. It should be filtered and refined. The refined vernacular words shoud be the Diction of poetry.

“ The best portion of a good men’s life : his title , nameless , unremembered acts of kindness and love.”

2.   It should be the language of men in a state of vivid sensation. It should have a certain coloring of imagination. The poet should give the color or his imagination of the language employed by him in poetic composition.

3.   There is no essential difference the words used in prose and in metrical composition. Words of prose can find poetry are not clearly discriminated , so that words which he used in prose can find Place in  poetry and vice-verse what Wordsworth means is that the words in conversation , if they are properly selected , would provide the rough framework of the language of poetry. The language of poetry is highlighted by feeling and emotion. Through the power of imagination the poet can select words fit for poetic composition. When the poet is truly inspired , his imagination will enable him to select from the language really used by men.

Conclusion :

                           Wordsworth idea of a new theory of poetry is very good given by him in ‘Preface’ addition. He gives commitment to all poets who write poetry to be written in simple language. Thus , Wordsworth gives a new meaning or definition of poet and also poetry. In ‘Preface’ Wordsworth give a new theory of poetry.             

Swift as novelist

Name:Jani Hetal umiyashankar

Roll no:12

Class:M.A.part-1

Semester:1

Submitted to:Department of English

M.K. Bhavnagar University

Assignment Topic:

Contribution of swift as a novelist

Jonathan swift (1667-1745)

Introduction:

Birth : 30 November 1667 Dublin, Ireland

Death: 19 October 1745 (Aged 77) Dublin, Ireland Education : Kilkenny school and Trinity College.

Pen name : M. B. Drapier Lemuel Gulliver Isaac

Bickerstaff

Occupation : Satirist , Essayist , politician , Poet and priest.

Language : English.

Nationality : Irish.

Popular works :’ Gulliver’s Travels’ ,  ‘A Modest Proposal’ , ‘A Tale of a Tub’ ,’ Drapier’s letters’.

Signature :

                           In the beginning of the 18^th century many prose writes shown their skill of writing. Like Joseph Addison , Richard Steel , Daniel Defoe , John Arbuthnot , Lord Bolingbroke and Jonathan Swift. Among them Jonathan Swift was great prose writer. Jonathan Swift emerges as a novelist in the beginning of the 18^th Century. Let’s see his life and work in detail.

His Life :

              Jonathan Swift was born in 1667 in Dublin. His parents are English. He spends his life in Ireland. Before Swift’s birth his father was died so he brought by his uncle. His uncle paid money for his education. He seems very unhappy and pitiable person in his school at kilkenny and at Trinity college , Dublin. In Dublin his experience confirms in him that he remains savage and in mental depression that was suffer all his life. Much of this depression was due to purely physical causes , for he suffered from an affection of the ear that ultimately touched his brain and effect insanity. In 1668 , at the age of nineteen , He left Trinity college because his public shame and in 1689 entered the household and touch of his famous kinsman sir William Temple. Under him it was encouragement for swift. He encouraged him and gave Swift holy orders and on the death of Temple in 1699 obtained other secretarial and Christian priest’s appointments. His career begins in 1710. When the Tories overthrew the Marlborough faction and came into office. To them Swift faithfully give the gigantic powers of his pen and became a political star and gain tremendous fame and after some time hoped for substantial rewards. He might have become a clergyman but it is said that Queen Anne objected to ‘ A Tale of a Tub ‘ and had doubts his orthodoxy and in the wreck of the Tory party in 1745 all he could save was the Deanery of st Patrick’s in Dublin , which he had received in 1713.

                     After spend time to arouse bitter feelings in him , this make him alone in last thirty years of his life in gloom and largely in retirement.  His last years were passed in silence and at the very he became made. This was the end of his life. As political star falling his career. A very big prose-writer left the world. In 1745 , he died and after his death he became very famous in prose writing in 17^th century (1667-1745) the time of Swift. During his life he wrote many poems and prose. Among them many of his work was very beautifully done by him. His poetry and his prose are very famous.

Swift : as novelist :-

                           Jonathan Swift writes many poetry and prose. But he attained to a mastery of English prose or novel. He also maintained an astonishing level of excellence. His first book was published in 1704. It was ‘ The Battle Of The Books ‘ which become so popular and noteworthy. The theme of this book is a well-worn one , being the dispute between ancient and modern authors. After this Swift wrote other thing upon Sir William Temple was joint with the controversy on behalf of the ancient and Swift’s tract was in support of his kinsman’s views. Swift gives the theme a half allegorical, mock heroic setting in which the books in a library at length literary contact with one another. The handling is vigorous and illuminating and refreshed with many happy remarks and allusions. The famous paragraph written by Swift with happiest efforts when a bee accidently came and trapped into spider’s web , where Swift gives the bitter remarks to spider.

                                  ‘ A Tale of Tub ‘ published in 1704. Though it was written in early time in 1669 but because of some circumstances it was not published in 1669. And then after it was published in 1704. This book rewarded as Swift’s best work. It is a highest power of Swift to make or write this book. It is a religious myth. Perhaps suggested by the work of Bunyan. On three men : Peter who stands for the Roman Catholic Church , Jack represents the Dissenters and Martin the personification of the Anglican and Lutheran Churches. They all follows his father and against of coats which was left by them. This book was attacking Roman Catholic , Dissenters and other religion of English. Swift written this book by many fundamental principles or religion which was many suspects his own Christianity. It was about the human nature in general and intellectual pride and religious hypocrisy in particular. This book gives introduction of Swifts skill as a satirist. Swift write many satirical works to use this skill. ‘A Tale Of A Tub ‘ is full of wit and also introduces Swift’s brilliantness in imaginative power. After many time , published this book Swift read this book and said : “ Good God! What a genius I had when I wrote that book! “

                     As we show his work as a literary point of view , the next important period of his life was from 1710 to 1714. During this time he wrote many article deserted to the Wings for the Tories and later party came into power. For this party he wrote political article which was made him an important political figure of that day. He writes many works for Tory. Among them this are best : ‘ The Conduct Of the Allies ‘ (1711) , ‘ Some Remarks On The Barrier Treaty ‘ (1712) and ‘ The Public Spirit Of The Wings ‘(1714). During this time he also wrote a long book ‘ The Journal Of Stella ‘ a private book to Esther Johnson. This was a long book but it’s very interesting to read. After published this book became very famous.

                     After this period the last period came it was third period of swift’s work and final stay in Ireland. During this period his pen written a famous work. He supported the Irish in their revolt against       ‘ Wood’s Halfpence ‘ writing in their cause his The Drapier’s Letters. This gained for him an almost embarrassing popularity. And then he followed some other political works. During this time he used satire to introduce political view. This is the best way to criticize the society. Satire on political view is very beautifully introduced by him.

                     After wrote some political work. He wrote his famous satire. It was his largest book on political aspects. This book was very famous and also long. It was ‘ Gulliver’s Travel ‘ which was written between 1720 and 1725 and published in 1726. It was about Gulliver’s four voyages to different places. The main idea of this book is an old one , being at least as old as the time of Lucian , a great writer of the second century. This book deals with imaginary voyages made or done by Gulliver. In this novel Gulliver go for sea voyage and then because of storm he came into different place.

                     First he came into Lilliput where he meet very tiny man. They are called as Lilliputians. They called Gulliver a ’ Mountain man ‘. In Lilliput Gulliver help king to fight with blefuscu and then he came brobdingnang. It was his second voyage. In Brobdingnang all people are like giants. And then he came in laputa a flowing island and after that he came a horses land known as Houyhnhnms , where horses are ruler and human being found as Yahoos.

                            ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ resembles its fellow-allegory. The pilgrim’s progress in its popularity and human interest. Bunyan views human failings with a discerning eye , but he accepts them with a benign quiescence and with a tempered faith in man’s ultimate redemption. Swift on the other hand said to pope : “ I heartily hate and detest that animal called man “ and this book is an elaboration of that attitude. He imagine man into a giant and then he diminishes him into a manikin , and he finds him into a isolate and mean , the regards man in his wisdom and he finds him fool in despair , in the last book of the Travels , he turns from man altogether , and in the brute creation he discovers a charity and sagacity before which humanity grovels as a creature beastly beyond measure. The last stage of this book creates memory in our mind , but always we are aware of the clarity of the author’s mind.

                           The two part of this book of the Travels have a charm and vivacity that delight old and young. The satire lurks in the allegory , but it is so delicately tinseled over that it does not repel. The style of Swift’s best not mannered or labored clean , powerful and without tired , easy without being slovenly and as clear as summer noonday. This book written by Swift very well. It’s structure made by him very beautifully. In this book there are four voyages traveled by Gulliver. In first voyage he is a giant man and Lilliputians are all twelve centimeter tall. In second voyage he becomes a creature. In Brobdignang human beings are like giants and then he go to Laputa where all human beings are magician. This is a great experience for Gulliver and in the end he goes houyhnhnms there horses are rulers upon Yahoos. Really Swift’s style is woven very beautifully.

              Swift was wrote many satire. ‘Gulliver’s Travel’ is one of most famous satirical novel of Swift. Swift is the greatest English satirist. He is remember for his works such as ‘ Gulliver’s Travel ’ , ‘ A Modest Proposal ‘ , ‘ A Journal to Stella ‘ , ‘ A Battle Of The Books ‘ and ‘ A Tale of a Tub ‘. Swift is one of most famous prose satirist in the English language. He also famous for his two types works in satire Horatian and Juvenalian.

                     During his visits to England in these years Swift published his work and get reputation as a writer. Also during these years , he began writing his masterpiece. Travels into several parts of the world , in four part by Lamuel Gulliver who was a surgon and then became a captain of several ships this known as ‘Gulliver’s Travel’. In this book reflects his political        experience of the preceding decade. For instance , the episode of ‘Gulliver’s Travel’ when Gulliver puts out the Lilliputian palace fire by urinating it metaphor for the Tories party. They done good work in an unfortunate manner. This book is a narrative of the identity crisis.

                           Swift is the greatest satire writer means satirist. Unlike pope he restricts himself to general rather than personal attacks and his work has a cosmic , elemental force , which is irritable and at times almost frightening. His work is so powerful by his work he gained position in English literature as novelist and prose writer. He wrote satire on common sense and human affairs. Often the satire is cruel and violent and sometimes it is coarse and repulsive , Perhaps the results of his own physical disabilities and his keen disappointment at his failure to gain the preferment which felt himself to have merited. In ‘Gulliver’s Travel’ he drawn terrible savagery of a voyage to the Houyhnhnms and ‘A Modest Proposal for preventing the children of poor people from being a burden to their parents should not blind us to the great range of his work. In his work , there is a range of satirical  force which indicates a fertility of imagination and an ingenuity of fancy unparalleled among his rivals in this field. We all must remember him by his great contribution in English language.

Conclusion :-

                           Thus , Jonathan Swift makes his position strong in English language as prose writer. He wrote many satire and known as satirist too. He gave us so beautiful work. He drawn picture of human sense and affairs in his work. Swift also works as political figure and also wrote for Tory and Wings. Thus , Swift is a greatest prose writer in English language. Swifts contribution in English language very important.